恒峰g22

恒峰g22集团_世界性命科学前沿动态周报(三十三)
恒峰g22集团_世界性命科学前沿动态周报(三十三)
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世界性命科学前沿动态周报(三十三)

(11.22 -- 11.28 / 20

2010年-11月-28日 起源:mebo

(11.22 -- 11.28 / 2010)
恒峰g22国际集团:陶国新 

  本周动态蕴含以下内容:成长因子TGF-β2和BMP4可使成熟细胞转化为成人干细胞;脂肪组织可天生免疫细胞;预设基因线路可批示人体细胞按需分化;无需动物尝试即可急剧筛选抗癌药物;复原p53职能为主的肿瘤疗法的局限性;蛋白酶体助生殖细胞“仿废还童”   。

1. 成长因子TGF-β2和BMP4可使成熟细胞转化为成人干细胞
【提要】
  据美国物理学家组织网11月21日报路,哈佛医学院和哈佛牙科学院的钻研人员在11月21日出版的《天然—医学》杂志上撰文指出,通过仿照一种罕见的遗传疾病,他们可能让成熟细胞回到成人干细胞状态,新获得的这种干细胞能分化成各类分歧类型的细胞,在造就皿和动物身上进行的试验都获得了成功 。哈佛医学院的细胞生物学家、哈佛牙科学院院长布约恩·奥尔森暗示,新发此刻个性化医疗和组织工程学领域拥有重要意思 。进行性骨化性纤维增殖不良症(FOP)是一种罕见的先性子致残性疾病,全球约有1000名患者,其临床阐发为病人的骨骼肌和软结缔组织会慢慢骨化而导致身段变得僵化,目前还没有有效医治步骤 。
  哈佛医学院和波士顿贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心的医学领导员戴米恩·美第奇发现,与通常骨骼组织分歧的是,FOP病人体内病态的软骨和骨头细胞中蕴含有内皮细胞的生物象征 。这让他产生了一个疑难,病人的软骨和骨头是否发源于内皮细胞呢?美第奇和同事将引发FOP的变异基因转变为了正常的内皮细胞 。令人意想不到的是,内皮细胞接着转化为了一种新的细胞类型,这种细胞可能割裂为骨头、软骨、肌肉、脂肪甚至神经细胞的成人干细胞或骨髓间充质干细胞 。进一步的尝试发现,不通过变异的基因来诱导这种转变,钻研人员也可能使用两种特定的蛋白质(成长因子TGF-beta2和BMP4)中的任何一种来造就内皮细胞,这些蛋白质的细胞交互作用仿照了变异基因的作用,这给科学家提供了一种更有效的重组细胞的步骤 。之后,钻研人员将这些重组的细胞别离放入造就皿中和动物身上,它们最终发育成了一组有关的组织类型 。
  美第奇暗示,这些新的细胞同骨髓间充质干细胞并不齐全一样,厘清这点极度重要,但它们都具备类似于骨髓间充质干细胞的潜力和可塑性 。奥尔森称,这套系统的壮大性在于,这只是一个天然过程的反复,从这个意思上来说,与目前其他对细胞进行重组的步骤相比,其人为过问更少 。全球FOP领域的专家、宾夕法尼亚州大学医学院的整形表科分子医学教授弗雷德里克·卡普兰也是该钻研的合作者,他暗示,新发现让人们初次知路若何利用这个过程来造作病人急需的额表骨骼 。美第奇和奥尔森回应称,这些发现最直接的利用将是组织工程学和个性化医疗领域 ?蒲Ъ蚁嘈,某一天,接受移植的病人可能会提取出自己的内皮细胞,而后进行重组,接着就能够长成他们必要的组织类型来用于移植,并且不会出现倾轧反映 。(起源:科技日报 颁布功夫:2010-11-24 13:30:59)

【点评】
  该项钻研提供了一种非基因重组方式体表造就内皮细胞转化为干细胞,由于削减了报答过问,能为细胞移植提供更好的细胞源 。若是此类干细胞造就技术能够像原位再生医学一样在活体上安全有效地实现,就能够预防细胞移植及其副作用 。

【原文摘录】Nature Medicine (2010) doi:10.1038/nm.2252
Conversion of vascular endothelial cells into multipotent stem-like cells
Damian Medici, Eileen M Shore, Vitali Y Lounev, et al.
Mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to several cell types, but varying results depending on isolation methods and tissue source have led to controversies about their usefulness in clinical medicine. Here we show that vascular endothelial cells can transform into multipotent stem-like cells by an activin-like kinase-2 (ALK2) receptor–dependent mechanism. In lesions from individuals with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a disease in which heterotopic ossification occurs as a result of activating ALK2 mutations, or from transgenic mice expressing constitutively active ALK2, chondrocytes and osteoblasts expressed endothelial markers. Lineage tracing of heterotopic ossification in mice using a Tie2-Cre construct also suggested an endothelial origin of these cell types. Expression of constitutively active ALK2 in endothelial cells caused endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and acquisition of a stem cell–like phenotype. Similar results were obtained by treatment of untransfected endothelial cells with the ligands transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) or bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) in an ALK2-dependent manner. These stem-like cells could be triggered to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes or adipocytes. We suggest that conversion of endothelial cells to stem-like cells may provide a new approach to tissue engineering.

2. 脂肪组织可天生免疫细胞
【提要】
  法国国度科研中心11月22日颁发公报称,该机构的钻研人员日前发现,老鼠的脂肪组织可能天生匹敌过敏和发炎的免疫细胞,这一钻研成就颠覆了科学界以前的概想,有助于新药的研造 。公报称,脂肪组织不仅是油脂的“贮存库”,它在生物新陈代谢过程中也阐扬着重要作用,例如白色脂肪组织中就含有血液中的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞,这些造血细胞在白色脂肪组织中约占20% 。此前人们一向以为,这些造血细胞只能来自骨髓,是从造血干细胞中分离出来的 。不外国度科研中心的钻研人员却得出了分歧的结论,他们通过尝试发现,老鼠的脂肪组织自身就可能天生造血干细胞,后者除了分化出造血细胞,还会分化出肥大细胞 。肥大细胞是一种免疫细胞,在肌体抗击过敏和发炎中阐扬着至关重要的作用 。
  钻研人员暗示,肥大细胞在免疫系统中无处不在,其作用远比人们设想的要大,而脂肪组织通常占到一个成人体重的10%到50%,若是他们可能进一步证明,人体的脂肪组织也能天生肥大细胞,那么将给造血和免疫系统疾病患者带来但愿 。该钻研成就已经颁发在最新一期的美国《干细胞》杂志上 。(起源:新华社 李学梅)

【点评】
  这一发现进一步将脂肪组织和免疫系统缜密联系在一路 。同时也进一步证明脂肪组织能贮存和出产干细胞 。

【原文摘录】STEM CELLS 2010;28:2065–2072
Adipose Tissue as a Dedicated Reservoir of Functional Mast Cell Progenitors
Sandrine Poglio, Fabienne De Toni-Costes, Emmanuelle Arnaud, et al.
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a heterogeneous tissue, found in various locations throughout the body, containing mature adipocytes and the stroma-vascular fraction (SVF). The SVF includes a large proportion of immune hematopoietic cells, among which, mast cells that contribute to diet-induced obesity. In this study, we asked whether mast cells present in mice adipose tissue could derive from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) identified in the tissue. We therefore performed both in vitro and in vivo experiments dedicated to monitoring the progeny of WAT-derived HSPC. The entire study was conducted in parallel with bone marrow-derived cells, considered the gold standard for hematopoietic-lineage studies. Here, we demonstrate that adipose-derived HSPC contain a precursor-cell population committed to the mast cell lineage, and able to efficiently home to peripheral organs such as intestine and skin, where it acquires properties of functional tissue mast cells. Additionally, WAT contains a significant mast cell progenitor population, suggesting that the entire mast cell lineage process take place in WAT. Considering the quantitative importance of WAT in the adult organism and the increasing roles recently assigned to mast cells in physiopathology, WAT may represent an important source of mast cells in physiological and pathological situations.

3.  预设基因线路可批示人体细胞按需分化

【提要】
  据《天然》网站11月25日报路,美国生物学家钻研出一种基因线路,能够依照必要假造法式,批示细胞对想要的信号作出响应 。这项技术有着宽泛用处,好比诱导干细胞分化成体内的分歧组织,或在营养不良时激活植物的防御机造等 。有关钻研颁发在11月26日出版的《科学》杂志上 。“从宽泛意思上讲,就是对细胞的行为和决策进行节造,让其对任何感兴致的蛋白质作出反映 。”掌管该项钻研的加利福尼亚斯坦福大学生物工程师克里斯蒂娜·斯莫克说,其重要难点在于若何节造细胞行为,以及若何开发细胞蹊径 。
  为此,钻研幼组造作了一段DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)作为基因线路,将其插入细胞转录到RNA(核糖核酸)中后,它会去探寻细胞内部是否存在某种特殊的指标蛋白质,一旦找到,线路就会给这种蛋白质编码 。好比,其中一种线路蕴含了一种酶的基因,这种酶能让细胞匹敌病毒药物更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)越发敏感 。钻研人员在基因序列中插入一个终场信号,以预防细胞通过信使RNA天生工作蛋白质,而到下一个终场信号时,它们会编码一幼段RNA作为一个适配子,鉴别一种叫做beta-联蛋白的信号蛋白质(在某些肿瘤中beta-联蛋白会被过度复造),找到指标后适配子就会与其结合,由此会让细胞与信使DNA以某种方式铰接,从而断根终场信号以产生酶 。为了检验设计线路的成效,他们激活人体细胞产生额表的beta-联蛋白,让它们变得像癌细胞,而后用更昔洛韦来医治,了局显示,含有假造线路的细胞都被药物杀死了 。
  斯莫克说,一条线路里有多个适配子感触器,能对分歧类型的蛋白质起分歧的反映 。从理论上,这种线路能蕴含任何基因,也能够设计适配子来鉴别任何蛋白质 。通过旋转这种线路里的“线”,能让细胞不仅对存在的蛋白质发生响应,还能对缺失的蛋白质发生响应 。加利福尼亚劳伦斯·伯克利国度尝试室的系统与合成生物学家亚当·阿金说,新技术在矫捷性上是一种突破 。在利用细胞信号方面,其他钻研偏差于作为一种“一次性的预设工程”(one-offs of bespoke engineering),而斯莫克的线路能够用在分歧类型的细胞中,开发更为宽泛的生物蹊径 。斯莫克以为,这种“细胞黑客”线路(Cell-hacking circuit)要进入临床利用还需再等几年,但与其他尝试性医治相结合,他们最终将可能节造其在体内阐扬作用时的地位和机遇 。好比,通过批示多职能干细胞对体内的蛋白质踪影信号发生响应,让它们生出多种组织,分化成但愿的样子;或让含有特定线路的杀癌免疫细胞能免受健全细胞的攻击 。起源:科技日报 颁布功夫:2010-11-27 9:40:28

【点评】
  对细胞的行为和决策进行节造,这是显著的报答过问贪图,若是无法确保这种过问只是呈此刻正确的功夫、地址和事务上,那么它的存在只会侵扰细胞正常的生理代谢 。

【原文摘录】Science 2010: Vol. 330 no. 6008 pp. 1251-1255 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192128
Reprogramming Cellular Behavior with RNA Controllers Responsive to Endogenous Proteins
Stephanie J. Culler1, Kevin G. Hoff1 and Christina D. Smolke
Synthetic genetic devices that interface with native cellular pathways can be used to change natural networks to implement new forms of control and behavior. The engineering of gene networks has been limited by an inability to interface with native components. We describe a class of RNA control devices that overcome these limitations by coupling increased abundance of particular proteins to targeted gene expression events through the regulation of alternative RNA splicing. We engineered RNA devices that detect signaling through the nuclear factor κB and Wnt signaling pathways in human cells and rewire these pathways to produce new behaviors, thereby linking disease markers to noninvasive sensing and reprogrammed cellular fates. Our work provides a genetic platform that can build programmable sensing-actuation devices enabling autonomous control over cellular behavior.

4. 无需动物尝试即可急剧筛选抗癌药物

【提要】科技日报 2010-11-23 10:15:12
  美国斯坦福大学医学院初次成功地在组织造就皿中将人体正常细胞转造成三维癌细胞组织 。该钻研成就提供了观察细胞若何割裂和侵入周围组织的全新蹊径,有助于更好地意识癌症在人体内的行为,同时可望在无需动物尝试的情况下进行急剧和廉价的抗癌药物测试 。钻研成就颁发在21日出版的《天然·医学》杂志网络版上 。
  斯坦福大学医学院皮肤科主任保罗·卡瓦里博士暗示,利用动物模式,上述尝试通常必要数月的功夫能力实现,而此刻只需数天 。据悉,钻研人员的钻研重点是上皮细胞,而上皮细胞癌症约莫占人类癌症发病率的90% 。钻研人员使用的人体正常细胞取自皮肤、宫颈、食路和咽喉 。为让正常细胞发生癌变,他们首吓酌病毒去影响可导致细胞失控成长的两个已知基因通路,并发现同时更改这两个基因通路是令正常细胞转化的有效蹊径 。而后,钻研人员将出现初期癌变的上皮细胞植入装有人体其他皮肤成分的组织造就皿中 。观察了局显示,上皮细胞首先附着在造就皿内的基膜上,并形成了看上去是正常的三维横截面皮肤;然而在约莫6天后,细胞起头出现恶兆性变动,它们穿透了基膜,并侵入下面的基质组织中 ?ㄍ呃锼担骸罢夥从车氖侨颂逯琢鏊⑸奶烊痪跋 。通常,细胞从早期恶性状态变为侵入性癌症必要数年的功夫 。只有在这种无缺的人体组织模型环境下,细胞变动才会发展得更快 。”此表,在对造就出的癌症细胞进行分析后,钻研人员发显熹状态与人体内天然成长的癌细胞相符 。利用新开发的癌细胞组织造就皿,钻研人员对20种尝试性抗癌药物进行了测试,并追踪到3种尝试药物可能让上皮细胞终场侵入基膜,显示出它们可成为潜在的候选药物 。固然候选药物能否最终开发成抗癌药物还必要进行优化后用于动物尝试,但是利用癌细胞组织造就皿进行先期筛选的伎俩能够让钻研人员缩幼选择领域 。要强调的是,上述20种抗癌药物中大无数自身不易在动物体进行测试,其原因在于,以它们目前的状态还存在难以治理和毒性等问题 。
  三维癌细胞造就环境还显示,基质细胞自身以某种方式推进了癌变上皮细胞的侵入,这些细胞并不必要急剧割裂而达到侵入基膜的主张 ?ㄍ呃锇凳,他们此刻可能从分歧的人体组织造就出多种肿瘤,获得了可能反映人体肿瘤天然产生景象的新蹊径 。然而他同时指出,新的钻研模式没有蕴含人体其他的生物成分,如免疫系统和新陈代谢 。

【点评】
  利用这一人为癌变模型,在组织造就皿中进行先期筛选,简直能够缩幼那些不易处置的候选药物的领域,只是靠得住性还有待验证 。另一方面,此刻的科学对于将正常细胞造成癌细胞是越来越有法子了,但是对于若何将癌细胞造成正常细胞还是束手无策 。

【原文摘录】Nature Medicine (21 November 2010) doi:10.1038/nm.2265
Invasive three-dimensional organotypic neoplasia from multiple normal human epithelia
Todd W Ridky, Jennifer M Chow, David J Wong, Paul A Khavari
Refined cancer models are required if researchers are to assess the burgeoning number of potential targets for cancer therapeutics in a clinically relevant context that allows a fast turnaround. Here we use tumor-associated genetic pathways to transform primary human epithelial cells from the epidermis, oropharynx, esophagus and cervix into genetically defined tumors in a human three-dimensional (3D) tissue environment that incorporates cell-populated stroma and intact basement membrane. These engineered organotypic tissues recapitulated natural features of tumor progression, including epithelial invasion through basement membrane, a complex process that is necessary for biological malignancy in 90% of human cancers. Invasion was rapid and was potentiated by stromal cells. Oncogenic signals in 3D tissue, but not 2D culture, resembled gene expression profiles from spontaneous human cancers. We screened 3D organotypic neoplasia with well-characterized signaling pathway inhibitors to distill a clinically faithful cancer gene signature. Multitissue 3D human tissue cancer models may provide an efficient and relevant complement to current approaches to characterizing cancer progression.

5. 复原p53职能为主的肿瘤疗法的局限性

【提要】Nature 2010-11-25 17:37:09
  p53 肿瘤抑造通路的失活是人类癌症的一个普遍特点,所以人们便想,复原已形成的肿瘤中的p53 职能也许会是一种有效疗法 。然而,本期Nature上两篇论文突显了以p53为方向的癌症疗法在实际上的局限性 。他们在一个K-Ras-driven肺癌模型中发现,由p53调控的肿瘤抑造只在肿瘤发展的后期阶段才阐扬作用,这个时辰K-Ras致癌信号已达到足以激活ARF-p53通路的阈限 。这意味着p53的重新表白未能抑造肿瘤发生的早期阶段,只管它简直诱导了更为激进的肿瘤的退行 。

【点评】
  p53的重新表白不能抑造早期肿瘤的发生,癌变的产生是多成分事务,在细胞活动的整体网络里,单一成分只能起到部门作用,它依然受其他成分影响 。

【原文摘录】Nature 468, 567-571 (24 November 2010) doi:10.1038/nature09526
Selective activation of p53-mediated tumour suppression in high-grade tumours
Melissa R. Junttila, Anthony N. Karnezis, Daniel Garcia, et al.
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 10–15%. Deregulation of the Ras pathway is a frequent hallmark of NSCLC, often through mutations that directly activate Kras. p53 is also frequently inactivated in NSCLC and, because oncogenic Ras can be a potent trigger of p53, it seems likely that oncogenic Ras signalling has a major and persistent role in driving the selection against p53. Hence, pharmacological restoration of p53 is an appealing therapeutic strategy for treating this disease. Here we model the probable therapeutic impact of p53 restoration in a spontaneously evolving mouse model of NSCLC initiated by sporadic oncogenic activation of endogenous Kras. Surprisingly, p53 restoration failed to induce significant regression of established tumours, although it did result in a significant decrease in the relative proportion of high-grade tumours. This is due to selective activation of p53 only in the more aggressive tumour cells within each tumour. Such selective activation of p53 correlates with marked upregulation in Ras signal intensity and induction of the oncogenic signalling sensor p19ARF. Our data indicate that p53-mediated tumour suppression is triggered only when oncogenic Ras signal flux exceeds a critical threshold. Importantly, the failure of low-level oncogenic Kras to engage p53 reveals inherent limits in the capacity of p53 to restrain early tumour evolution and in the efficacy of therapeutic p53 restoration to eradicate cancers.

6. 蛋白酶体助生殖细胞“仿废还童”
【提要】
  “仿废还童”在天然界真的存在吗?法国里昂的科学家在线虫生殖过程中初次发现卵母细胞在受精前的某一刻“仿废还童” 。首先,他们发现生殖细胞也会变老,堆集羰基化和氧化的危险蛋白,更重要的是,他们观察到在卵母细胞成熟的某一精确时刻,蛋白氧化水平会忽然降低,这是由于蛋白酶体对危险蛋白进行了“洗濯”,使其“仿废还童” 。

【点评】
  生殖细胞的“仿废还童”预防将老化信息遗传下去,而这种机造若是也存在于组织细胞里,并且可能被激活,那么也有可能实现成熟个别的年轻化 。

【原文摘录】Aging Cell, 2010; 9 (6): 991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00625.x
Carbonylated proteins are eliminated during reproduction in C. elegans.
Jérôme Goudeau, Hugo Aguilaniu.
Oxidatively damaged proteins accumulate with age in many species. This means that damage must be reset at the time of reproduction. To visualize this resetting in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a novel immunofluorescence technique that allows the detection of carbonylated proteins in situ was developed. The application of this technique revealed that carbonylated proteins are eliminated during C. elegans reproduction. This purging occurs abruptly within the germline at the time of oocyte maturation. Surprisingly, the germline was markedly more oxidized than the surrounding somatic tissues. Because distinct mechanisms have been proposed to explain damage elimination in yeast and mice, possible common mechanisms between worms and one of these systems were tested. The results show that, unlike in yeast, the elimination of carbonylated proteins in worms does not require the presence of the longevity-ensuring gene, SIR-2.1. However, similar to findings in mice, proteasome activity in the germline is required for the resetting of carbonylated proteins during reproduction in C. elegans. Thus, oxidatively damaged proteins are eliminated during reproduction in worms through the proteasome. This finding suggests that the resetting of damaged proteins during reproduction is conserved, therefore validating the use of C. elegans as a model to study the molecular basis of damage elimination.
 

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