恒峰g22

恒峰g22集团_世界性命科学前沿动态周报(三十六)
恒峰g22集团_世界性命科学前沿动态周报(三十六)
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世界性命科学前沿动态周报(三十六)

(12.13-12.19/2010)恒峰

2010年-12月-19日 起源:mebo

(12.13-12.19/2010)
恒峰g22国际集团:陶国新 

   本周动态蕴含以下内容:人体多能干细胞体表定向分化形成肠组织;CRTC3基因可放慢脂肪亏损速度;发现能显著减缓生物钟的化合物;降低基质与细胞的机械力可使干细胞维持在多能状态;p53失活使癌细胞获得干细胞个性;果蝇生殖干细胞分化新机造。

1. 人体多能干细胞体表定向分化形成肠组织
【提要】
  据美国物理学家组织网12月13日报路,美国科学家初次在尝试室中将人体多能干细胞造成了职能性的人体肠路组织。辛辛那提儿童医院医学中心的科学家在12日出版的《天然》杂志在线版上暗示,最新突破为人体肠路的发育、职能和有关疾病的钻研打开了一扇大门,并有望研造出用于移植的肠路组织。该钻研重要掌管人、辛辛那提儿童医院发育生物学分部高级钻研怨夭姆斯·威尔斯暗示,这是科学家初次证明,皮氏造就皿(用作细菌造就的有盖玻璃碟)中人体多职能干细胞能转变为拥有三维架构、细胞组成成分同人体肠组织极度类似的人体组织。将干细胞造成肠路组织最终会让罹患坏死性幼肠结肠炎、炎性肠病、短肠综合征的病人大大受益。
  威尔斯团队在钻研中使用了两类多职能干细胞:来自于几个月大的人体胚胎干细胞(hESCs)和基于人体皮肤细胞的诱导多职能干细胞(iPSCs)。hESCs能变为人体内200多种细胞类型中的任何一种,因而也被称为多职能干细胞。iPSCs能够使用病人的细胞来获得,因占有该病人的遗传成分而不会发生倾轧反映。威尔斯诠释到,由于iPSCs技术极度新鲜,其是否拥有hESCs所占有的全数潜能还是未解之谜,因而,钻研人员在本次尝试中使用了这两种干细胞,以进一步测试和比力这两种干细胞转化为其他细胞的能力。为了将多职能干细胞造成肠路组织,科学家使用化学物质和成长因子蛋白进行了一系列细胞操作,在尝试室中仿照出了胚胎肠的发育过程 ?蒲Ъ沂紫冉嘀澳芨上赴斐擅ㄐ湍谂卟愕呐咛ハ赴,接着将胚胎细胞造成了名为“后肠定向祖细胞”的胚胎肠细胞。随后,他们将胚胎肠细胞提交给推进肠发育的“亲肠”细胞造就装置。28天后,科学家获得了类似于胎儿肠的成型三维组织,这种组织蕴含肠路所有的重要细胞,蕴含肠上皮细胞、帕内特细胞和肠内排泄细胞。这个组织会持续成熟,获得正常人体肠组织占有的吸收和排泄职能,并会形成肠特异性干细胞。
  威尔斯暗示,这个过程能够作为人体肠发育的钻研工具,也可援手科学家相识人体肠路在生病后的变动。由于大部门口服药都通过肠路吸收阐扬作用,该突破还将有助于科学家设计出更好的、更容易吸收的口服药物。钻研人员接下来将进行动物尝试,验证该肠组织是否能够有效地用于移植手术中,并最终用来医治罹患肠路疾病的病人。

【点评】
  通过仿照胚胎肠发育体表造就干细胞发育形成有肯定职能的肠组织,是干细胞生物学向拥有现实利用价值的方向迈出的重要一步,只管依然受限于胚胎干细胞和诱导多能干细胞的起源和质量。

【原文摘录】Nature doi:10.1038/nature09691
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro
Jason R. Spence, Christopher N. Mayhew, Scott A. Rankin, et al.
Studies in embryonic development have guided successful efforts to direct the differentiation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into specific organ cell types in vitro1, 2. For example, human PSCs have been differentiated into monolayer cultures of liver hepatocytes and pancreatic endocrine cells3, 4, 5, 6 that have therapeutic efficacy in animal models of liver disease7, 8 and diabetes9, respectively. However, the generation of complex three-dimensional organ tissues in vitro remains a major challenge for translational studies. Here we establish a robust and efficient process to direct the differentiation of human PSCs into intestinal tissue in vitro using a temporal series of growth factor manipulations to mimic embryonic intestinal development10. This involved activin-induced definitive endoderm formation11, FGF/Wnt-induced posterior endoderm pattering, hindgut specification and morphogenesis12, 13, 14, and a pro-intestinal culture system15, 16 to promote intestinal growth, morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. The resulting three-dimensional intestinal ‘organoids’ consisted of a polarized, columnar epithelium that was patterned into villus-like structures and crypt-like proliferative zones that expressed intestinal stem cell markers17. The epithelium contained functional enterocytes, as well as goblet, Paneth and enteroendocrine cells. Using this culture system as a model to study human intestinal development, we identified that the combined activity of WNT3A and FGF4 is required for hindgut specification whereas FGF4 alone is sufficient to promote hindgut morphogenesis. Our data indicate that human intestinal stem cells form de novo during development. We also determined that NEUROG3, a pro-endocrine transcription factor that is mutated in enteric anendocrinosis18, is both necessary and sufficient for human enteroendocrine cell development in vitro. PSC-derived human intestinal tissue should allow for unprecedented studies of human intestinal development and disease.

2. CRTC3基因可放慢脂肪亏损速度
【提要】 起源:新华网 颁布功夫:2010-12-17 11:18:28
  为什么一些人极力节造饮食依然肥胖 ?为什么一些人吃得不少照样建长 ?答案可能在基因中。美国一个钻研幼组发现,一种名为CRTC3的基因能够放慢脂肪亏损速度。人体若不足这种基因,则脂肪亏损快,不容易发胖。索尔克生物钻研所生物学家马克·蒙特米尼携带的钻研幼组发现,通常老鼠和失落CRTC3基因的老鼠正常进食时,两者体重未发生显著变动。但喂它们吃高热量饮食后,只有正常老鼠发胖。另表,失落CRTC3基因的老鼠棕色脂肪细胞数量是通常老鼠的两倍。棕色脂肪细胞点火白色脂肪细胞中的脂肪,产生热量,维持动物体温。一些钻研显示,身段偏瘦者棕色脂肪细胞含量高于偏胖者。蒙特米尼通知逐日科学网站:“CRTC3可能是节造棕色脂肪细胞数量的开关,若是能产生更多棕色脂肪细胞,就可能节造肥胖。”钻研人员比力两组墨西哥裔美国人的体重后发现,CRTC3基因活跃的一组偏胖。
  蒙特米尼分析,人类在进化过程中,发展出应对饥饿的机造,即经由CRTC3这类基因的表白,放慢点火脂肪的速度。这种机造对人类祖先意思重大,由于他们往往吃鼓一顿要等好长一段功夫能力猎取到下顿食品,必要在身段内存贮热量。那些体内“省吃基因”活跃的人拥有生计优势,能够长功夫不吃器材存活。对现代人而言,这种机造可能是一种累赘,可能导致脂肪在体内堆积,威胁健全 ?蒲Ъ疑鲜兰60年代就想到人体内可能存在“省吃基因”,其时对基因的意识远不如此刻。
   蒙特米尼携带的钻研幼组但愿他们的发现给医治肥胖症、削减人们患糖尿病等疾病风险启发一条新路;谡庀钭暄,造药企业能够开发药物抑造CRTC3基因的作用。医生能够从一幼我体内CRTC3基因活跃水平把握这幼我患肥胖症风险是否偏高,从而采取应对措施。并非所有体内CRTC3基因活跃的人都趋向发胖,例如,钻研人员未发现这种基因与美国白人体重之间存在关联。钻研人员以为,生涯环境和生涯方式同样会影响体重。蒙特米尼说:“医治糖尿病或肥胖症的步骤应该因人而异。”逐日科学网站的数据显示,7200万美国成年人受肥胖症困扰。

【点评】
基因对肥胖的影响肯定存在,但不是全数,并且因人而异,后天的环境影响也不成幼觑。

【原文摘录】Nature 468: 933–939, doi:10.1038/nature09564
CRTC3 links catecholamine signalling to energy balance
Youngsup Song, Judith Altarejos, Mark O. Goodarzi, et al.
The adipose-derived hormone leptin maintains energy balance in part through central nervous system-mediated increases in sympathetic outflow that enhance fat burning. Triggering of β-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes stimulates energy expenditure by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent increases in lipolysis and fatty-acid oxidation. Although the mechanism is unclear, catecholamine signalling is thought to be disrupted in obesity, leading to the development of insulin resistance. Here we show that the cAMP response element binding (CREB) coactivator Crtc3 promotes obesity by attenuating β-adrenergic receptor signalling in adipose tissue. Crtc3 was activated in response to catecholamine signals, when it reduced adenyl cyclase activity by upregulating the expression of Rgs2, a GTPase-activating protein that also inhibits adenyl cyclase activity. As a common human CRTC3 variant with increased transcriptional activity is associated with adiposity in two distinct Mexican-American cohorts, these results suggest that adipocyte CRTC3 may play a role in the development of obesity in humans.

3. 发现能显著减缓生物钟的化合物
【提要】 中国日报网 颁布功夫:2010-12-17 12:29:44
  据美国物理学家组织网12月14日报路,美国钻研人员在使用自动筛选技术寻找新药品时,发现了一种能显著减缓生物钟的分子化合物,将其定名为“白日罪过”。这一发现有望被用来开发新药品,援手必要倒时差的空中飞人和严重睡眠阻碍患者。有关论文颁发于《公共科学图书馆—生物学》(PLoS Biology)。
  此项钻研由美国加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校生物科学院院长史蒂夫·凯的尝试室主导。尝试中,他们将生物钟基因参与到可使萤火虫发光的荧光素酶基因中,而后将其植入人的骨癌细胞中,这样骨癌细胞就能够在生物钟被激活时发光,从而能够直观地得知细胞生物钟的变动。在观察了多达12万种可能的化合物与人类骨癌细胞发生的反映后,钻研人员筛选出了“白日罪过”。在老鼠和少幼斑马鱼身上,钻研人员同样发现这种分子化合物能显著减慢它们的生物钟。之后,史蒂夫的团队将隔离出的“白日罪过”分子交给另一间尝试室的科学家做进一步钻研,也得出了同样的结论。有鉴于此,史蒂夫自负地暗示:“从理论上来说,‘白日罪过’能够用于医治睡眠阻碍。”

【点评】
  影响生物钟基因的化合物既可能医治睡眠阻碍,也可能侵扰生物节律,作为人为过问基因活动的后果人类还没有把握齐全掌控。

【原文摘录】PLoS Biol 8(12): e1000559 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000559
High-Throughput Chemical Screen Identifies a Novel Potent Modulator of Cellular Circadian Rhythms and Reveals CKIa as a Clock Regulatory Kinase
Hirota T, Lee JW, Lewis WG, et al.
The circadian clock underlies daily rhythms of diverse physiological processes, and alterations in clock function have been linked to numerous pathologies. To apply chemical biology methods to modulate and dissect the clock mechanism with new chemical probes, we performed a circadian screen of ~120,000 uncharacterized compounds on human cells containing a circadian reporter. The analysis identified a small molecule that potently lengthens the circadian period in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequent analysis showed that the compound also lengthened the period in a variety of cells from different tissues including the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus, the central clock controlling behavioral rhythms. Based on the prominent period lengthening effect, we named the compound longdaysin. Longdaysin was amenable for chemical modification to perform affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis to identify target proteins. Combined with siRNA-mediated gene knockdown, we identified the protein kinases CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2 as targets of longdaysin responsible for the observed effect on circadian period. Although individual knockdown of CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2 had small period effects, their combinatorial knockdown dramatically lengthened the period similar to longdaysin treatment. We characterized the role of CKIα in the clock mechanism and found that CKIα-mediated phosphorylation stimulated degradation of a clock protein PER1, similar to the function of CKIδ. Longdaysin treatment inhibited PER1 degradation, providing insight into the mechanism of longdaysin-dependent period lengthening. Using larval zebrafish, we further demonstrated that longdaysin drastically lengthened circadian period in vivo. Taken together, the chemical biology approach not only revealed CKIα as a clock regulatory kinase but also identified a multiple kinase network conferring robustness to the clock. Longdaysin provides novel possibilities in manipulating clock function due to its ability to simultaneously inhibit several key components of this conserved network across species.

4. 降低基质与细胞的机械力可使干细胞维持在多能状态
【提要】 Sciencedaily  2010-12-17 9:31:11
  近日伊利诺大学的钻研人员发现了一种新步骤可使干细胞持久维持在中央状态。钻研论文颁发在 PLoS One杂志上。在论文中钻研人员称他们利用一种软凝胶造就幼鼠胚胎干细胞(mESCs)可使细胞持久维持在多能状态。并且无需参与昂贵的成长因子,这种软基质能在很长一段功夫内维持同质克隆的成长。“这一技术在将来的再生医学中有着巨大的利用远景,”钻研的共同掌管人、医学科学和工程学教授Ning Wang说:“这是一个鼓励人心的了局。恒峰g22钻研了局批注我们朝着揭示干细胞的根基生物学迈出了重要的一步。”
  在干细胞钻研中将mESC维持在均一的多能状态是一件极度难题的事件。多能干细胞可自觉地分化,转变为专门化的组织类型例如皮肤或肌肉。持久以来钻研人员都是利用成长因子来维持mESCs的状态不变,但是即便如此不久之后造就细胞还是会进入分歧的分化阶段,出现分歧的基因表白和状态。样品的多样性使得钻研人员很难发展尝试诱导干细胞造就天生特定类型的组织。“恒峰g22指标就是使同质的未分化细胞朝着我们感兴致的组织分化,并且一向使这些细胞维持同质性,”伊利诺大学基因组生物学钻研所的动物科学教授Tanaka说:“只有如此,能力天生特定的细胞类型,并最终实现多能干细胞的临床利用。”
  在新钻研中钻研人员发现多能mESCs更偏差于粘附在一路形成圆形克隆,而克隆边缘与僵硬的造就皿接触的细胞则相对分化地更快一些;诖司跋,钻研人员决定将钻研方向集中到mESC的机械学而非化学钻研上。进而钻研人员发现相对于成熟的细胞干细胞要柔软10倍,因而钻研人员起头质疑是否是造就皿和细胞间的机械力刺激了细胞分化。在早期的钻研中王宁和Tanaka证实即便是很幼的机械力也可直接影响细胞的分化。那么是否能够利用机械学来抑造干细胞分化呢 ?钻研人员斗胆地提出了如果。
  钻研幼组将造就的mESCs细胞分成三个处置组进行平行试验:第一组mESCs细胞的用通例的参与成长因子的造就基造就;钻研人员将第二组细胞接种在与细胞同样硬度的软胶上造就,并参与成长因子;第三组的细胞同样在软胶上造就,但却没有参与成长因子。钻研人员发此刻软凝胶上造就的细胞阐发出更强的同质性和多能性。甚至在不足因子因子的前提下,造就三个月,传代20次后仍是如此。“世界上的事物都有两面性。我们在发现机械力能够诱导干细胞分化后反其路行之,证实降低基质与细胞的机械力可使细胞维持在多能状态,”王宁说:“恒峰g22钻研证实机械环境拥有与化学成长因子一样重要的作用。在体内,细胞只在一段短功夫内排泄成长因子。而另一方面,机械力则一向在影响着每个细胞。”在接下来的试验中,钻研人员想尝试用诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)来进一步验证他们的软基质造就步骤“我们将尝试将幼鼠iPSCs接种到同样的软基质中造就,看看是否可能获得同质的干细胞造就物。这一尝试若是能得到成功,其产生的影响将无疑是巨大的。” Tanaka说。

【点评】
  通过节造物理作用的影响极大的改进了干细胞造就的步骤,对于大量获得处于多能状态的干细胞有很大援手,有利于推进干细胞的基础钻研。

【原文摘录】PLoS ONE   doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015655
Soft Substrates Promote Homogeneous Self-Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells via Downregulating Cell-Matrix Tractions
Farhan Chowdhury, Yanzhen Li, Yeh-Chuin Poh, et al.
Maintaining undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) culture has been a major challenge as mESCs cultured in Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) conditions exhibit spontaneous differentiation, fluctuating expression of pluripotency genes, and genes of specialized cells. Here we show that, in sharp contrast to the mESCs seeded on the conventional rigid substrates, the mESCs cultured on the soft substrates that match the intrinsic stiffness of the mESCs and in the absence of exogenous LIF for 5 days, surprisingly still generated homogeneous undifferentiated colonies, maintained high levels of Oct3/4, Nanog, and Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) activities, and formed embryoid bodies and teratomas efficiently. A different line of mESCs, cultured on the soft substrates without exogenous LIF, maintained the capacity of generating homogeneous undifferentiated colonies with relatively high levels of Oct3/4 and AP activities, up to at least 15 passages, suggesting that this soft substrate approach applies to long term culture of different mESC lines. mESC colonies on these soft substrates without LIF generated low cell-matrix tractions and low stiffness. Both tractions and stiffness of the colonies increased with substrate stiffness, accompanied by downregulation of Oct3/4 expression. Our findings demonstrate that mESC self-renewal and pluripotency can be maintained homogeneously on soft substrates via the biophysical mechanism of facilitating generation of low cell-matrix tractions.

5. p53失活使癌细胞获得干细胞个性
【提要】
  p53是人类重要的肿瘤抑造基因,正常p53的生物职能宛如“基因组卫士”,在G1期查抄DNA危险点,监督基因组的齐全性。当基因组遭逢危险时,p53蛋白可阻止DNA复造,以提供足够的功夫使危险DNA建复;若是建复失败,p53蛋白则会引发细胞凋亡。当p53基因的两个拷贝都发生突变时,细胞的增殖会失去节造,从而导致细胞癌变。近日来自萨克生物钻研学院和普林斯顿大学高级钻研所的钻研人员在共同合作的一项钻研中发现p53还可抑造癌细胞向更富于侵袭性的干细胞样状态转化。钻研人员凭据p53的这个新职能将其称之为“预防基因组重编程的卫士(Guardian against Genome Reprogramming)”。钻研论文颁发在本周的 PNAS 杂志上。“多所周知,低分化、细胞及遗传异质性是很多侵袭性和致死性癌症的重要特点,”萨克生物钻研所基因表白尝试室的Wahl教授说路:“最近有科学家提出这些特点是由于存在干细胞样癌细胞所致。恒峰g22发现批注p53突变可使肿瘤细胞重新获得干细胞样‘编程’。”“癌细胞必要获得干细胞的某些特点例如永生性能力生计和适应不休变动的环境。永生能力使得细胞可能不休自我更新,并能天生可分化为其他细胞类型的祖细胞,”Wahl说:“所有的肿瘤都是由癌细胞组成的分歧的细胞荟萃物,然而目前我们尚无法相识肿瘤异质性形成的机造。”
  从前科学家们将肿瘤的细胞多样性重要归因于其拥有遗传不不变性。随着肿瘤细胞群扩增,个别细胞发生随机突变,细胞的分子个性起头出现差距,最终由成百万的各不一样的癌细胞共同组成了肿瘤。此表一些科学家们还以为肿瘤的异质性是由于齐全定型和特化的细胞在肿瘤发生和发展的过程中发生了去分化所造成的。然而最终这一理论被抛弃,取而代之确当前盛行的癌干细胞理论。癌干细胞理论以为肿瘤中存在一类重要的细胞即癌干细胞。这些癌干细胞有可能发源于正常干细胞或早期祖细胞,与其他肿瘤细胞分歧它们拥有自我更新的能力并可像正常干细胞一样天生非干细胞。“恒峰g22钻研了局批注与干细胞类似的癌细胞并不是早期肿瘤的组成部门,而是在肿瘤发生的后期随着p53职能的失落才出现的,“论文的共同作者、博士后钻研人员Benjamin T. Spike说:“肿瘤异质性有可能是由于不休增长的基因组不不变性和与干细胞样表型有关的表观遗传不不变性共同作用所致。”
在新钻研中钻研人员证实p53不止阐扬了“基因组卫士”的职能,这个肿瘤抑造因子同时还是阻断体细胞重编程的一个重要阻碍。
  为了确定p53失活对于干细胞样癌细胞出现的影响,Spike和Mizuno对乳腺癌和肺癌中的几百个基因表白图谱进行了缜密地筛查,寻找干细胞样的象征,检测它们与p53状态的联系。“我们发现p53突变或失活的肿瘤与干细胞在基因表白模式上有着亲昵的联系,”Spike说:“p53失落使得细胞克服了殒命和增殖阻碍从而产生了致瘤性。”Wahl但愿在接下来的钻研中可能更深刻地相识肿瘤细胞向干细胞样状态转化的过程。“肿瘤越靠近干细胞状态就越拥有侵袭性,但是它们依然拥有分化为较低侵袭性的细胞类型的能力,”Wahlshuo :“若是我们可能利用这一潜力,我们或许就能迫使这些细胞重新分化,从而降低它们的危险性。 ”

【点评】
  该钻研批注干细胞样癌细胞不是肿瘤起因,而是了局,p53在肿瘤发生后期能够阻止肿瘤细胞向干细胞样状态转化,从而降低其侵袭性。

【原文摘录】PNAS  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017001108
Inactivation of p53 in breast cancers correlates with stem cell transcriptional signatures
Hideaki Mizuno, Benjamin T. Spikec, Geoffrey M. Wahlc, and Arnold J. Levine
Breast cancer comprises a heterogeneous set of diseases distinguishable from one another by pathologic presentation and molecular signatures. However, each breast cancer subtype is also heterogeneous. Some of the heterogeneity may be attributable to genetic instability, but recent data emphasize that developmental plasticity may also contribute. The p53 tumor suppressor could constitute a nodal control point underlying both sources of heterogeneity because it is frequently inactivated during malignant progression and has recently been shown to function as a potent barrier preventing fully differentiated cells from reverting to pluripotent stem cells after expression of appropriate oncogenes. Using archival microarray datasets, we tested the hypothesis that a p53 mutation could allow cells within a tumor to acquire a stem cell-like state by looking for coordinate expression of stem cell identity genes. We show that breast and lung cancers with p53 mutations do exhibit stem cell-like transcriptional patterns. Such tumors were also depleted for differentiation genes regulated by the polycomb repressor complex 2. These data are consistent with a model in which loss of p53 function enables acquisition of stem cell properties, which are positively selected during tumor progression.

6. 果蝇生殖干细胞分化新机造
【提要】
  干细胞是生物体内少数处于无限增殖,未分化或低分化状态并拥有多种或一种分化潜能的细胞群。干细胞的怪异能力表此刻于,通过不合称割裂产生拥有分歧命运的两个子代细胞,一个是通过自我更新,重新产生维持干细胞个性的新干细胞;而另一个子细胞则步入分化法式,进而形成新的组织,或代替生物体中危险或迷失的组织和器官以维持性命活动的一连。而生殖干细胞若何维吃熹未分化状态是这一领域的一项主题课题。之前的钻研显示,骨形成蛋白(BMP)对于维持果蝇生殖干细胞的未分化状态拥有重要的意思,这种作用因子能够通过度化因子Bam,抑造生殖干细胞的分化,但是这一具体的过程,至今科学家们还不是很明显。
  来自中科院动物钻研所,清华大学生科院的钻研人员发现了果蝇生殖干细胞分化的一种新机造,并且这一机造也能够延长到斑马鱼和人类细胞,这对于分析生殖干细胞分化机造拥有重要的意思。这一钻研成就颁布在上周的Cell杂志上。在这篇文章中,钻研人员发现一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶:Fused (Fu)能调控Hedgehog,并与Smurf形成复合物,通过BMP应答系统把持果蝇生殖干细胞的命运,并且钻研人员在斑马鱼,以及人类细胞中也发现了类似的作用,这注明这一新机造可能拥有宽泛的守旧性。去年陈大华钻研组还发现了泛素介导的细胞周期蛋白在调控干细胞命运方面的重要作用,他们以果蝇生殖干细胞为钻研对象,发现泛素化过程有关的一种重要的基因effete——编码一种泛素接合酶E2(Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme),在调控果蝇卵巢生殖干细胞的命运决定中阐扬重要作用。
  进一步使用遗传学、生化及分子生物学等多种伎俩钻研发现,Eff蛋白通过结合有丝割裂后期推进因子APC(一种多亚基的泛素衔接酶E3)复合体中的dAPC2,介导细胞周期蛋白——Cyclin A的泛素化,从而通过调控Cyclin A蛋白水平的变动来影响生殖干细胞的命运。这将泛素化信号通路调控与干细胞的命运决定联系起来,同时也讲了然细胞周期调控因子直接节造干细胞的维持与分化。泛素化机理和细胞周期调控机造从酵母到高档哺乳动物高度守旧,注明哺乳动物中可能存在类似的调控机造节造干细胞的命运。

【点评】
  对于干细胞增殖与分化调控机造的意识又前进了一步。

【原文摘录】Cell  doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.022
The Fused/Smurf Complex Controls the Fate of Drosophila Germline Stem Cells by Generating a Gradient BMP Response
Laixin Xia, Shunji Jia, Shoujun Huang, et al.
Highlights
CB differentiation involves antagonism of BMP signaling through regulation of Tkv Fu regulates CB differentiation by antagonizing BMP signal via interaction with Tkv Fu acts in concert with Smurf to terminate BMP signal by ubiquitinating Tkv in CBs Fu has a conserved role in antagonizing BMP/TGFβ signals from fly to vertebrate.
Summary
In the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells (GSCs) are maintained primarily by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands produced by the stromal cells of the niche. This signaling represses GSC differentiation by blocking the transcription of the differentiation factor Bam. Remarkably, bam transcription begins only one cell diameter away from the GSC in the daughter cystoblasts (CBs). How this steep gradient of response to BMP signaling is formed has been unclear. Here, we show that Fused (Fu), a serine/threonine kinase that regulates Hedgehog, functions in concert with the E3 ligase Smurf to regulate ubiquitination and proteolysis of the BMP receptor Thickveins in CBs. This regulation generates a steep gradient of BMP activity between GSCs and CBs, allowing for bam expression on CBs and concomitant differentiation. We observed similar roles for Fu during embryonic development in zebrafish and in human cell culture, implying broad conservation of this mechanism.


 

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